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An ancient Egyptian rock engraving may have been carved at the dawn of the first dynasty, up to 5,100 years ago, a new study suggests.
The engraving depicts a boat that may have a royal figure seated in it, although only the person’s head and right shoulder are visible. The engraving is stylistically similar to ancient Egyptian rock panels from the protodynastic period and early first dynasty — periods that aren’t well known to archaeologists. These similarities hint that the newfound carving may hold clues about the formation of the Egyptian state, according to the study.
“Boats are among the most frequently recurring motifs in Egyptian iconography,” study author Dorian Vanhulle, director and curator at the Musée du Malgré-Tout in Belgium, said in a statement. “During the Predynastic and Protodynastic periods (c. 4500-3085 BC), the periods which foreshadowed Pharaonic Egypt, the boat is ubiquitous and invested with complex ideological and symbolic meanings.”
The “intriguing new” rock engraving was found on the west bank of the Nile River near Aswan in November 2022, during a survey that was documenting rock art in the region ahead of the construction of New Aswan City, Vanhulle wrote in the study, which was published Thursday (July 10) in the journal Antiquity.
The engraving shows an “ornate boat dragged by five figures to the right,” Vanhulle wrote. At the back of the back, a standing person holds an oar. Next to this person is an enclosed area — possibly a cabin — that appears to hold a seated individual.
This person may be royalty, Vanhulle wrote. However, some details have not been preserved, making it difficult to interpret the individual. The seated person seems to have an elongated chin, which was “typical for depictions of early rulers that might designate the false beard worn by kings since the First Dynasty,” Vanhulle wrote in the study.
The seated individual has a “vertical stroke” on their head, which “might be a headdress of some sort,” he wrote.
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To date the rock art, Vanhulle examined its style. The boat’s sickle-like shape and figures pulling it resemble boat depictions from the protodynastic and early dynastic periods, he noted, adding that the cabin is similar to depictions of late predynastic boats. The boat also appears to have “horns” on the top of its second cabin — a feature that was common in the beginning of the first dynasty, he wrote.
However, Vanhulle does not think this individual is Narmer, who founded the first Egyptian dynasty around 3085 B.C. That’s because the engraving lacks a serekh, a hieroglyphic symbol that portrays a palace facade carrying the king’s name and has Horus, the falcon-headed god.
“This absence would suggest that the seated figure is not a First Dynasty king,” Vanhulle wrote in the study. Rather, it’s likely that the engraving was “produced at the dawn of the First Dynasty, perhaps shortly before the reign of Narmer,” he wrote.
The lack of the serekh is “a relevant detail,” Alejandro Jiménez Serrano, an Egyptologist at the University of Jaén in Spain who was not involved in the study, told Live Science in an email. “This could indicate that the seated figure predates the widespread use of this royal symbol in official rock art.”
This engraving and others are well done and have many similarities, so it’s possible that regional authorities commissioned rock-art specialists long before the first pyramids were built, Vanhulle noted.
There is a “limited corpus of Protodynastic rock art,” making this engraving “particularly significant because it depicts a seated figure in a processional boat, interpreted as a possible representative of authority,” Jiménez Serrano said.
But interpreting the rock art is difficult, and Vanhulle and Jiménez Serrano noted a number of limitations in the study. For instance, it’s hard to know if the vertical stroke above the seated person’s head is actually a headdress or if the elongated chin is a false beard. It’s not even clear if the seated individual is male or female.
“The study acknowledges that ‘it is not possible to determine the gender and status’ of the figure, although its social importance as a potential member of the ruling class is recognized,” Jiménez Serrano said.
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